COLLADA + MPEG-4 or X3D + MPEG-4

The paper is an overview of 3D graphics assets and applications standards.The authors analyzed the three main open standards dealing with three-dimensional (3-D) graphics content and applications, X3D, COLLADA, and MPEG4, to clarify the role of each with respect to the following criteria: ability to describe only the graphics assets in a synthetic 3-D scene or also its behavior as an application, compression capacities, and appropriateness for authoring, transmission, and publishing. COLLADA could become the interchange format for authoring tools; MPEG4 on top of it (as specified in MPEG-4 Part 25), the publishing format for graphics assets; and X3D, the standard for interactive applications, enriched by MPEG-4 compression in the case of online ones. The authors also mentioned that in order to build a mobile application, a developer has to consider different hardware configurations and performances, different operating systems, different screen sizes, and input controls

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Un cadre unificateur pour des applications graphiques 3D, basé sur la compression et la diffusion

With the development of the computer networks, mainly the Internet, it became easier to develop applications where the execution is shared between a local computer, the Client, and one located on the other side of the network communication channel, the Server. The hardware advancements in the recent years made it possible to display 3D graphics (games, map navigation, virtual worlds) on mobile devices. However, executing these complex applications on the client terminal is not possible without reducing the quality of the displayed graphics or lowering its processing requirements. Different solutions have already been proposed in academic publications; however none of them satisfies all requirements. The objective of this thesis is to propose an alternative solution for a new client-server architecture where the connectedness of the mobile devices is fully exploited. Several main requirements are addressed: - Minimize the network traffic, - Reduce the required computational power on the terminal, and - Preserve the user experience compared with local execution. First a formal framework is designed that can effectively define and model distributed applications for 3D graphics. Then a model of new architecture is presented, that overcomes the disadvantages of the architectures presented in the state of the art. The core of the architecture is the MPEG-4 standard, which is used to transfer the data between the server and the client in a compressed manner. The last part of explores the design of architectures optimized for running on mobile devices. The design of the new client-server architecture is validated by implementing a game and running simulations.Avec le développement des réseaux informatiques, principalement d'Internet, il devient de plus en plus facile de développer des applications dont l'exécution est répartie entre un ordinateur local, le client, et un ordinateur à distance (à une autre extrémité du canal de transmission), le serveur. Les progrès techniques de ces dernières années au niveau matériel ont rendu possible l'affichage en 3D (jeux, navigation cartographique, mondes virtuels) sur les mobiles. Cependant, l'exécution de ces applications complexes sur le terminal client est impossible, à moins de réduire la qualité des images affichées ou les besoins en calcul de l'application. Différentes solutions ont déjà été proposées dans la littérature mais aucune d'entre elles ne satisfait l'ensemble des besoins. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une solution alternative, c'est à dire une nouvelle architecture client-serveur dans laquelle l'interconnexion des dispositifs mobiles est complètement exploitée. Les principales conditions de mise en œuvre seront traitées: - Minimiser le trafic réseau - Réduire les besoins en puissance de calcul du terminal, et - Préserver l'expérience utilisateur par rapport à une exécution locale. Tout d'abord, un cadre formel est développé afin de définir et modéliser des applications graphiques 3D distribuées. Ensuite, une nouvelle architecture, permettant de dépasser certains inconvénients que l'on trouve dans des architectures de l'état de l'art, est présentée. La conception de la nouvelle architecture client-serveur est validée par l'implémentation d'un jeu et la mise œuvre de simulations

Update of the ReferenceDescription and ReferenceDescriptionLocation PROTOs for ARAF

ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 MPEG2011/m3028

Augmented reality in MPEG scenes

The goal of this contribution is to present how the MPEG-4 standard can be used to create mobile Augmented Reality (AR) applications. It specifies the needed components for AR applications and proposes updates to the MPEG standard in order to support them

Un cadre unificateur pour des applications graphiques 3D, basé sur la compression et la diffusion

Avec le développement des réseaux informatiques, principalement d'Internet, il devient de plus en plus facile de développer des applications dont l'exécution est répartie entre un ordinateur local, le client, et un ordinateur à distance (à une autre extrémité du canal de transmission), le serveur. Les progrès techniques de ces dernières années au niveau matériel ont rendu possible l'affichage en 3D (jeux, navigation cartographique, mondes virtuels) sur les mobiles. Cependant, l'exécution de ces applications complexes sur le terminal client est impossible, à moins de réduire la qualité des images affichées ou les besoins en calcul de l'application. Différentes solutions ont déjà été proposées dans la littérature mais aucune d'entre elles ne satisfait l'ensemble des besoins. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une solution alternative, c'est à dire une nouvelle architecture client-serveur dans laquelle l'interconnexion des dispositifs mobiles est complètement exploitée. Les principales conditions de mise en œuvre seront traitées: - Minimiser le trafic réseau - Réduire les besoins en puissance de calcul du terminal, et - Préserver l'expérience utilisateur par rapport à une exécution locale. Tout d'abord, un cadre formel est développé afin de définir et modéliser des applications graphiques 3D distribuées. Ensuite, une nouvelle architecture, permettant de dépasser certains inconvénients que l'on trouve dans des architectures de l'état de l'art, est présentée. La conception de la nouvelle architecture client-serveur est validée par l'implémentation d'un jeu et la mise œuvre de simulations.With the development of the computer networks, mainly the Internet, it became easier to develop applications where the execution is shared between a local computer, the Client, and one located on the other side of the network communication channel, the Server. The hardware advancements in the recent years made it possible to display 3D graphics (games, map navigation, virtual worlds) on mobile devices. However, executing these complex applications on the client terminal is not possible without reducing the quality of the displayed graphics or lowering its processing requirements. Different solutions have already been proposed in academic publications; however none of them satisfies all requirements. The objective of this thesis is to propose an alternative solution for a new client-server architecture where the connectedness of the mobile devices is fully exploited. Several main requirements are addressed: - Minimize the network traffic, - Reduce the required computational power on the terminal, and - Preserve the user experience compared with local execution. First a formal framework is designed that can effectively define and model distributed applications for 3D graphics. Then a model of new architecture is presented, that overcomes the disadvantages of the architectures presented in the state of the art. The core of the architecture is the MPEG-4 standard, which is used to transfer the data between the server and the client in a compressed manner. The last part of explores the design of architectures optimized for running on mobile devices. The design of the new client-server architecture is validated by implementing a game and running simulations.EVRY-INT (912282302) / SudocSudocFranceF

When MPEG-4 and COLLADA meet for a complete solution of distributing and rendering 3D graphics assets

International audienceIn this paper we present an implementation of a 3D graphics player showing for a first time worldwide a successful integration between COLLADA, a standard for representing 3D graphics assets, and MPEG-4, a standard for compression and delivery of the asset

Online animation system for practicing cued speech

International audienceThis paper presents a set of information and communication technologies developed with the goal to improve the practice of cued speech. They are based on three-dimensional (3D) graphics and are covering the entire end-to-end content chain: production, transmission, and visualization. Starting from defining a set of potential applications, the requirements of the targeted system for cued speech are set. The research and development path takes into account high-quality animation, real-time constraints, personalization, user acceptability and, equally important, the easiness and feasibility of the deployment. The latter led to a strong orientation toward open standards. The original components of the system include 3D graphics and animation encoders, streaming servers, and visualization engines. The core technology is validated in two real-time applications: a web service for text to animation conversion and a chat service supporting two or more users